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Callinicus (exarch)
Callinicus (or Kallinikos) (''Καλλίνικος'' in Greek) was the exarch of Ravenna (597 – 602 or 603). He is called ''Gallicinus'', or ''Gallicini patricii'', by the Lombard historian Paul the Deacon ((Latin text ), English ''patrician Gallicinus'').〔 Paul the Deacon (''History of the Lombards'', 4.12 ); translated by William Dudley Foulke, 1907 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1974), p. 159〕
The first few years of his administration were marked by relatively good fortune. In 598 an armistice between the Byzantines and the Lombards had been concluded in which the Lombards were acknowledged as sovereign rulers of the lands in their possession, and which was observed by both parties over the following years. However around 601, Callinicus took advantage of a rebellion by the ''duces'' of Tridentum and Forum Julii and broke the peace by kidnapping the Lombard king Agilulf's daughter and her husband from Parma.〔Paul the Deacon ''History'', 4.20 (translated by Foulke, p. 165) records the kidnapping; Jeffrey Richards, ''The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages'' (London:Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), p. 174, explains Callinicus' motivation.〕 In response, Agilulf invaded the Exarchate, destroying Padua, pillaging Istria, then defeating Callinicus outside the walls of Ravenna.〔Richards, ''Popes and the Papacy'', p. 174〕
Shortly afterwards Callinicus was replaced by Smaragdus; Richards states Callinicus was recalled.〔
== References ==
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